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"While Africa’s rhinos are by no means safe from extinction, the continued slow recovery of Black Rhino populations is a testament to the immense efforts made in the countries the species occurs in, and a powerful reminder to the global community that conservation works. The IUCN Red List now includes 116,177 species of which 31,030 are threatened with extinction.

Population models predict a further slow increase over the next five years, according to today’s update. The D-loop sequence obtained is a useful character to distinguish three rhinoceros hornbill subspecies in Indonesia.Between 20, the Black Rhino ( Diceros bicornis) population across Africa has grown at a modest annual rate of 2.5% from an estimated 4,845 to 5,630 animals in the wild, respectively. This study can be of use for management consideration in captive breeding effort at both zoos. Five Indonesian rhinoceros hornbill individuals at Safari Park Indonesia I and Ragunan Zoo probably came from different populations, ancestors, and two different islands. The genetic distance between Indonesian and Thai rhinoceros hornbills was 10.76%.

This result indicated that the two groups were distinct subspecies. The average genetic distance between individuals was 3.09% and all individuals were categorized into two groups (Group I: EC6TS, EC1RG, EC2TS and Group II: EC9TS, EC10TS) with a genetic distance of 3.99%. Thirty SNP sites were found in 788 bp D-loop sequences of five rhinoceros hornbill individuals and each individual had a different haplotype. D-loop fragment replication was done by PCR technique using DLBuce_F (5'-TGGCCTTTCTCCAAGGTCTA-3') and DLBuce_R (5'-TGAAGG AGT TCATGGGCTTAG-3') primer. We sequenced mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable III fragments from five rhinoceros hornbill individuals at Safari Park Indonesia I and Ragunan Zoo, which were isolated using Dneasy® Blood and Tissue Kit Spin-Column Protocol, Qiagen.

The rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) genetic characteristics consist of nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, genetic distances, and relationships which are important for their conservation effort in Indonesia.